by Simon Turpin

A historical Adam is vital to many areas of theology, such as the doctrine of the Fall, yet there is an increasing attack upon this doctrine. Many evangelical theologians deny that Genesis 3 teaches the doctrine of the Fall of man and argue that it is not original to the text but is something that has been forced upon it. This article will look at why theologians reject the Fall of man and whether or not Genesis 3 teaches it.

Critical scholars have long rejected Genesis 3 as an accurate account of actual events, such as the Creation and Fall of man.1 However, in the recent debate over the historical Adam, many professing evangelicals, and once-professing evangelicals, who have adopted the methods and conclusions of critical secular scholarship, have pointedly argued that the doctrine of the Fall,2 which teaches original sin, is not original to the text of Genesis 3.3 These scholars see the doctrine of the Fall and original sin as an invention the church Father Augustine of Hippo (354-430) read into the text.4 In the recent book Adam and the Genome, which rejects a historical Adam, theologian Scot McKnight argues:

What we call the “fall” story of Genesis 3 borrows a later Christian term and, more importantly, in borrowing a later category, reads the text in ways that miss what the text meant in the ancient Near East. . . . In fact, the whole of Genesis 1–3 barely—if ever—makes another appearance in the entire Old Testament; so while many would say Genesis 1–11 is the foundation for reading the whole Bible, that is certainly at least an exaggeration if not a serious error.5

It has also been pointed out that because Genesis 3 contains none of the language associated with disobedience, such as sin, evil, rebellion, transgression, and guilt, it therefore cannot be a passage that teaches the doctrine of the Fall.6

Are these objections valid? Does Genesis 3 say anything about the concept of a Fall? Have Christians read something into Genesis 3 that is simply not there? I will argue that the doctrine of the Fall is a biblical concept and can be derived from the biblical text. It is important to defend the biblical concept of the Fall and original sin because “no doctrine is more crucial to our anthropology and soteriology.”7

Before we look at what Genesis 3 teaches concerning the consequences of Adam’s disobedience toward God, we must first consider Adam’s original state. Having spoken the world into existence, God declared his finished creation to be “very good” (Genesis 1:31). This was a world without sin, corruption, death, or disease. Death of any kind8 had not yet entered creation since it was promised as the consequence of disobedience (Genesis 2:17).9 Adam’s original righteous state is confirmed in the Old Testament by the author of Ecclesiastes who writes, “That God made man upright” (Ecclesiastes 7:29).10 The fact that man was made “upright” or “just”11 is a reference to God creating man without “moral blemish.”12 This righteous state is characterized by Adam and Eve’s unashamed nakedness (Genesis 2:25).

It was in the garden that the serpent (Satan: 2 Corinthians 11:3, 14; Revelation 12:9) came to Eve and tempted her to eat from the tree that God had commanded Adam not to eat of (Genesis 3:1–5). After disobeying God’s command not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, both Adam and Eve’s “eyes were opened” (Genesis 3:7), indicating that they now knew their prior created goodness was but a memory. This is seen in Adam and Eve’s realization that they were naked. Whereas before they were unashamed (Genesis 2:25), they now stood ashamed because of their nakedness. For the Hebrews, nakedness is shameful because it is related with guilt (Genesis 9:22–23; c.f. Isaiah 20:4; Micah 1:11).13 The couple’s shame led them to try to solve their own problem by clothing themselves (Genesis 3:7), which is further “evidence of a change in their condition.”14

When Adam previously heard the Lord’s voice, he was unafraid (Genesis 2:17), but now there is fear when the Lord speaks (Genesis 3:10), and he and Eve hide from his presence (Genesis 3: cool . Both Adam and Eve now fear the presence of the Lord with whom they had once had fellowship in the garden.

Adam’s guilt can also be seen by his violated conscience when God asks him the questions, “Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you not to eat?” (Genesis 3:11). The second question God asks is linked to the tree that Adam was commanded not to eat from (Genesis 2:16). Both of “these questions explain to the man that his sense of shame arose from his defiance of God’s command.”15 Although the words guilt, disobedience, sin, and transgression do not appear in Genesis 3, this does not mean that the concepts are not there in the passage.16 Moreover, the existence of a concept is not linked to the presence of certain vocabulary.17 Adam’s guilt and disobedience are clearly expressed within the passage.

Adam was not a sinner when he was created, but he fell from a state of innocence and from the fellowship he had once enjoyed with God. Adam’s expulsion from Eden (Genesis 3:24) also represents a loss of intimate fellowship with God. This was a fellowship that Adam enjoyed unclothed, which was something that the priests of Israel were forbidden to do in the presence of God (Exodus 20:26, 28:42).

The punishment Adam received for his disobedience is seen in the fulfilment of God’s promise that he would die (both physically and spiritually) if Adam disobeyed his command (Genesis 2:17, 3:7–8, 19).18 Adam was told that he would return to the dust from which he was taken, a concept that is referenced by many of the Old Testament writers. This demonstrates a mindfulness of the Curse and the one who brought this about, namely Adam (Job 10:9, 34:15; Psalm 90:3, 104:29; Ecclesiastes 3:20, 12:7). Adam disobeyed, and death came not only to him but also to his descendants. Cain killed Abel, the first human death, but death did not stop there, and it impacted everyone, as the genealogies reveal: “and he died” (Genesis 5:5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 26, 31). Which is why the Apostle Paul writes, “because of one man's trespass, death reigned” (Romans 5:17).

Peter Enns, who also does not read Genesis 3 as an account of the Fall, objects to Adam’s disobedience as being the cause of our sinfulness. Enns is not questioning whether we are sinful but whether the Old Testament says that Adam is the cause of our sinfulness. Concerning the account of Cain and Abel in Genesis 4, he states,

Does this story imply that Cain’s murder of his brother, Abel, is a consequence of being born in a state of sin due to his father’s transgression? Or should Cain’s sin be understood, like the sin of his parents, as his own responsibility, his own choice to disobey? In other words, “like father, like son.” . . . We do not read that Adam’s disobedience is somehow causally linked to Cain’s act.19

Enns’ objection, however, misunderstands the doctrine of original sin. Of course, Cain has a choice and bears the responsibility for the sinful choice he makes, just as we all do. Cain’s sin, however, did not come from outside of him but within him, the mention of his “anger” and “countenance” suggest this (see Genesis 4:5).

The Bible teaches that our sin comes from the corrupt nature we have inherited from Adam (Romans 5:12–19; 1 Corinthians 15:21–22). Also, it is important to understand that we “are not guilty for Adam’s sin; we are guilty as sinners in Adam.”20 Of course, the view that we are guilty sinners in Adam is repulsive to our self-serving, individualistic Western world. However, this overlooks the corporate dimension to human life and the biblical concept of federal headship (one individual representing an entire group—see Joshua 7:10–26). Adam is our federal head. In the Garden in Eden, Adam was not simply acting for himself but for all those he represented. When we yield to temptation, we do not become sinners since we are already sinners. This is because we are descendants of Adam.

By thinking that there should be some theological statement in the narrative of Genesis 3 or 4, which expresses that Adam’s disobedience is the cause of human sinfulness, Enns and others 21 disregard how the narrative works. This objection to original sin overlooks the fact that the literature of Genesis 1–50 is historical narrative; therefore, we should not expect the unfolding of the doctrine to look like a collection of theological propositions as we have in Romans 5:12–19.

Adam’s experience is not like Cain’s experience, or even our own, because Adam was not in a state of sin to start with. However, the similarities in the scenes of the condemnation of sin in the narratives of Genesis 3 and 4 serve as a model of human sinfulness.

Genesis 3 Genesis 4
Where are you? 3:9 Where is Abel your brother? 4:9
What is this you have done? 3:13 What have you done? 4:10
Cursed is the ground for your sake 3:17 You are cursed from the earth 4:11
Drove out the man 3:24 You have driven me out . . . from the . . . ground 4:14
East of Eden 3:24 East of Eden 4:16

Old Testament theologian Gordon Wenham believes that these “similarities between Chapters 3 and 4 confirm that the former should be read as a paradigm of human sin.”22 Genesis 3 then provides us with an account of the consequences and effects of Adam’s disobedience in which humanity is now entrenched.

After Genesis 3, the consequences of Adam’s disobedience on his offspring are felt throughout the remainder of Genesis. These can be seen in the account of Cain slaying his brother, Abel (Genesis 4:9) and Lamech boasting of murder (Genesis 4:23–24); Lamech’s (Noah’s father) comments in Genesis 5:29 affirm that the curse of Genesis 3 continued to bring the problem of “painful toil”23; and the description of the wickedness of man’s heart before and after the Flood (Genesis 6:5, 8:21). As the narrative continues to unfold, we read of Noah cursing Canaan (Genesis 9:25)24 and the judgment on mankind’s pride and deliberate disobedience at Babel against the Lord’s command to increase greatly upon the earth (Genesis 9:1, 7, 11:4). These examples show how things became progressively worse from Genesis 3 onward and show how the universality of sin and its consequences affected the whole human race. These texts do not need to state that the reason for these things was Adam’s sin since the narrative has clearly shown this to be the case.

When we read Genesis 3 in its context, it clearly implies the effects of the Fall. Because of Adam’s disobedience God’s very good creation became a place marked by death. The consequences of Adam’s disobedience in Genesis are felt throughout the Old Testament from Genesis 4 onward: the Flood, Babel, Sodom and Gomorrah, Israel’s scattering, and constant human failure are a testament to the consequences of Adam’s sin. While the exact words we use to describe the doctrine of the Fall and original sin are not in the text, the ideas are clearly presented from the very beginning and demonstrated in subsequent inspired writings.